Aplikasi Dalil Maslahah Melalui Qawā’id Fiqhiyyah dalam Perspektif Dsn-Mui Terhadap Problematika Hukum Ekonomi Syariah Kontemporer Di Indonesia


Abstract
The DSN-MUI fatwa is one of the bases for the operation of the contemporary economic system in Indonesia which is based on Islam. According to the scholars, to see maqāsid syarī'ah or benefit in a fatwa can be seen from the use of fiqh principles in it. The jurisprudence rules contained are intended to clarify the direction and basis for issuing a fatwa, namely if the rules are evenly distributed and complementary between one principle and another. So that it appears the maqāsid syarī'ah of these fatwas, namely the benefit of the people. But in reality, the concept of maslahah in the fatwas issued by the DSN-MUI is different from the concept of maslahah of the ulama. Where the benefit of a fatwa does not have to be seen from its fiqh principles alone, but the most important thing in seeing the benefit is to pay attention to which argument is the most rājih and which is the most beneficial. This research is a descriptive qualitative research that describes the concept, mechanism and application of the argument of maslahah through qawā'id fiqhiyyah in the formulation of DSN-MUI fatwas as the basis for answering contemporary Islamic economic law issues in Indonesia. The material of this research was deepened by conducting interviews directly with the parties involved in making the fatwa and searching for authentic data contained in the DSN-MUI. The fatwa issued by the DSN-MUI is solely to answer the challenges of the times, especially the regulation of the Islamic economic system in Indonesia which urgently refers to maqāsid syarī'ah (sharia objectives) and ultimately is for the benefit of the people.
Keywords: Fatwa, Maslahah's Proposition, DSN-MUI, Islamic Economics.
Abstrak
Fatwa DSN-MUI merupakan salah satu dasar dalam rangka operasional sistem perekonomian kontemporer di Indonesia yang berlandaskan Islam. Menurut para ulama, untuk melihat maqāsid syarī’ah atau kemaslahatan dalam suatu fatwa dapat dilihat dari penggunaan kaidah fikih di dalamnya. Kaidah fikih yang dimuat dimaksudkan untuk memperjelas arah dan dasar dari dikeluarkannya suatu fatwa, yaitu apabila kaidah-kaidah tersebut tersebar secara merata dan saling melengkapi antara satu kaidah dengan yang lainnya. Sehingga tampaklah maqāsid syarī’ah dari fatwa-fatwa tersebut, yaitu kemaslahatan umat. Namun dalam realitasnya, konsep maslahah dalam fatwa-fatwa yang dikeluarkan oleh DSN-MUI berbeda dengan konsep maslahah para ulama tersebut. Dimana kemaslahatan dari suatu fatwa tidak harus melihat dari kaidah fikihnya semata, tetapi yang terpenting dalam melihat kemaslahatan adalah dengan memperhatikan mana dalil yang paling rājih dan mana yang paling manfaat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang bercorak deskriptif yang menggambarkan konsep, mekanisme dan aplikasi dalil maslahah melalui qawā’id fiqhiyyah dalam formulasi fatwa-fatwa DSN-MUI sebagai dasar dalam menjawab persoalan hukum ekonomi syariah kontemporer di Indonesia. Materi penelitian ini diperdalam dengan cara melakukan wawancara secara langsung kepada pihak yang terlibat dalam pembuatan fatwa serta mencari data-data otentik yang terdapat pada DSN-MUI. Fatwa yang dikeluarkan oleh DSN-MUI adalah semata-mata untuk menjawab tantangan zaman, khususnya regulasi tentang sistem perekonomian Islam di Indonesia yang urgensinya merujuk kepada maqāsid syarī’ah (tujuan syariah) serta ujungnya adalah untuk kemaslahatan umat.
Kata Kunci : Fatwa, Dalil Maslahah, DSN-MUI, Ekonomi Syariah
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